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Here, we present a range of health benefits, including benefit context and beneficiaries. Urban trees, parks, gardens, open spaces, and other nearby nature elements-collectively termed metro nature-generate many positive externalities that have been largely overlooked in urban economics and policy. Discussion: Economic valuation of benefits derived from urban green systems has largely been undertaken in the fields of environmental and natural resource economics, but studies have not typically addressed health outcomes. In this review, we provide a classification schematic and propose potential economic values associated with metro nature services. Methods: We reviewed the literature on urban nature-based health and well-being benefits. Objectives: We demonstrate the numerous opportunities for future research efforts that link metro nature, human health and well-being outcomes, and economic values.

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Without better information, land managers will be increasingly unable to make informed decisions on how to manage nontimber forest product biodiversity sustainably as demand for products increases.īackground: Nearly 40 years of research provides an extensive body of evidence about human health, well-being, and improved function benefits associated with experiences of nearby nature in cities. Despite widespread extraction, little investment in research, planning, or basic inventorying and monitoring has been done on nontimber forest products.

This harvesting of a large diversity of species represents a considerable subset of the overall terrestrial biodiversity in Pacific Northwest forests. Every year thousands of pounds and hundreds of nontimber forest products valued in the hundreds of millions of dollars are harvested from regional public and private forests.

Hundreds of businesses and thousands of harvesters earn part or all of their income from the harvests. Though the emphasis may have shifted from subsistence to commercial and recreational pursuits, harvesting and harvesters of wild species are still widespread throughout the region. Nontimber forest product harvesting in the Pacific Northwest is neither a new activity nor a disappearing relic of the pre-industrial era.

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